URBAN ISSUES LIBRARY DATABASE (PLAIN TEXT VERSION) (6-24-02) Document Number: ABB-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Timothy B. Abbe, David R. Montgomery Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Large Woody Debris Jams, Channel Hydraulics and Habitat Formation in Large Rivers Source: Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 12: 201-221. Authors Abstract: Field surveys document the accumulation of large woody debris (LWD) into structurally distinctive jam types in the alluvial channel of the Queets River on the Olympic Peninsula of northwest Washington. Calculations, field observations and historical evidence show that these jams can form stable structures controlling local channel hydraulics and providing refugia for riparian forest development over decades and possibly centuries. Distinctive spatial patterns of LWD, pools, b3lrs and forested islands form in association with particular jam types. The deposition of 'key member' logs initiates the formation of stable bar apex and meander jams that alter the local flow hydraulics and thereby the spatial characteristics of scour and deposition leading to pool and bar formation. Historical evidence and the age structure of forest patches documents the temporal development of alluvial topography associated with these jam types. Bar apex jams, for example, are associated with a crescentic pool, an upstream arcuate bar and a downstream central bar that is the focus of forest patch development. Experimental and empirical studies in hydraulic engineering accurately predict channel scour associated with jams. Individual jams can be remarkably stable, providing long-term bank protection that creates local refugia for mature forest patches within a valley floor environment characterized by rapid channel migration and frequent disturbance. Processes controlling the formation, structure and stability of naturally occurring LWD jams are fundamental to the dynamics of forested river ecosystems and provide insights into the design of both habitat restoration structures and ecosystem-based watershed management. Review: This article provides good information regarding the influence of large woody debris on river hydraulics, bar stabilization and pool formation. Naturally occurring LWD jams are an essential part of habitat formation for fish. Field investigations from the Queets River (WRIA 21) were used. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Harvest, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Forestry, Geomorphology, LWD, Riparian Geographic Area: Olympic Peninsula Water Body Name: Queets River WRIA: 21 1 Document Number: ACE-002 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Public notice of application for permit by Weyerhaeuser Company. Source: 7 June 1994, Reference No. 94-4-00040, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Washington. 8 p. Review: This public notice was submitted for the replacement of an existing culvert in Boise Creek, near Enumclaw, Washington with a bottomless arch culvert. The notice contains examples of site plans and engineering detail. The project purpose is to improve and enhance fish habitat. The information in this notice is provided as part of a submittal for a Section 404 permit under the Clean Water Act. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Regulations, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Culverts Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Boise Creek WRIA: 09 2 Document Number: ACE-003 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Year of Publication: 1991 Title: Public notice of application for permit. Source: 31 January 1991, Reference No. OYB-4-00930, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Washington. 18 p. Review: This document includes permit requirements for a 5-year, regional permit for the placement of fill material associated with fish habitat enhancement and/or stream channel restoration by the Region 6, US Forest Service. Included in this application are sketches of typical instream project designs for the placement of boulders, deflectors, and check dams. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Regulations Secondary Keyword(s): Instream Geographic Area: Washington state Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 3 Document Number: ACE-004 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Reconnaissance report, Green-Duwamish River ecosystem restoration general investigation. Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Washington. Review: This document contains a history of the Duwamish/Green River Basin and an investigation of ecosystem restoration opportunities. The report contains seven chapters and several maps, figures, and appendices. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Watershed Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Green River, Duwamish River WRIA: 09 4 Document Number: ACE-006 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Year of Publication: 1992 Title: Commencement Bay cumulative impact study. Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Development, Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Commencement Bay WRIA: 10 5 Document Number: ACE-007 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Year of Publication: 1993 Title: Commencement Bay cumulative impact study restoration options, Volume II. Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Commencement Bay WRIA: 10 6 Document Number: ACE-008 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Year of Publication: 1991 Title: Commencement Bay cumulative impact study, historic review of special aquatic sites, Volume 1. Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Commencement Bay WRIA: 10 7 Document Number: AFS-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): American Fisheries Society. Year of Publication: 1988 Title: Stream rehabilitation manual, emphasizing project design, construction, and evaluation. Source: R. House, J. Anderson, P. Boehne, and J. Suther (eds.), Participant manual, presented by the Oregon Chapter of the American Fisheries Society, February 9 and 10, 1988, Ashland, Oregon. Partial Abstract: This training manual is intended for field managers who plan and develop habitat rehabilitation projects. The manual shows approaches and methods which have been field tested and found suitable for stream rehabilitation. Review: Although this manual was developed prior to the listing of Puget Sound salmon species under the Endangered Species Act, it still provides some basic guidelines and techniques for instream rehabilitation of fish habitat. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, Methods Geographic Area: Oregon Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 8 Document Number: AIT-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Aitkin, J.K. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: The importance of estuarine habitats to anadromous salmonids of the Pacific Northwest: a literature review. Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This review of the literature includes documents on the importance of estuaries to anadromous salmonids that have been published since Myer's 1979 review. Summary points from this review include: juvenile chinook and chum salmon are the most estuarine-dependent anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest; estuaries are important to adult salmon for staging and physiological transition; and estuaries provide juvenile salmon important prey, a range of water salinities in which to transition from fresh to salt water, and refuge from predators. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary, Marine Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 9 Document Number: ALL-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Allen, R. L., J. E. Seeb, and D. D. King. Year of Publication: 1981 Title: A preliminary assessment of field operations with a salmon-spawning gravel cleaning machine. Source: Proceedings from the conference, Salmon-spawning gravel: a renewable resource in the Pacific Northwest?, State of Washington Water Research Center, Washington State University, and the University of Washington, Report No. 39, Pullman, Washington. Review: A prototype machine for removing fine sediment materials from salmon spawning gravels was field tested. Preliminary results of these tests indicated the machine effectively removed fine sands and sediments to a depth of 25-40cm. The use of this or similar methods should be evaluated within a watershed context so that short-term and long-term benefits are compared. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Gravel, Sediment Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Kennedy Creek WRIA: 99 10 Document Number: ALP-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Alpha Engineering Group, Inc. and Shapiro & Associates, Inc. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: N.E. 124th Street 132 Place N.E. to SR 202, stream special study report. Source: Preliminary draft report prepared for King County Department of Public Works, Roads Division, Seattle, Washington. Pages 55 -71. Review: This report focuses on the impacts of roadway improvements on aquatic habitat for individual, unnamed streams in the project area (King County, Sammamish River drainage). Particular habitat concerns for each stream are detailed, including riparian zone widths and vegetation content. Also included is a discussion of proposed mitigation measures for the streams. This document is site specific to the project streams, but is an example of the type of habitat restoration work implemented by King County. This is a standard document used in 1994 for describing stream conditions, potential impacts, and mitigation. The analysis includes and discusses flood plain issues, water quality, fisheries, and habitat. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): County, Floodplain, Roads Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Sammamish River, Streams 95B& 95E, unnamed streams WRIA: 08 11 Document Number: AND-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Andrew, F. J. Year of Publication: 1981 Title: Gravel cleaning to increase salmon production in rivers and spawning channels. Source: Proceedings from the conference, Salmon-spawning gravel: a renewable resource in the Pacific Northwest?, State of Washington Water Research Center, Washington State University, and the University of Washington, Report No. 39, Pullman, Washington. Review: This article evaluates several methods to remove sediments from spawning areas. The air/water injection methods had technical problems while a sieve bucket system removed fines. Salmon did not show preference for cleaned sediments. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Gravel, Sediment Geographic Area: British Columbia Water Body Name: Fraser River WRIA: 99 12 Document Number: APW-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Holz, T. W. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Re: Salmon in the city, May 20-21, 1998. Source: Letter from Thomas Holz, American Public Works Association, to 'Salmon in the City' conference participants, September 24, 1998. Review: The purpose of this letter (3 pages) is to consolidate and restate the implications and recommendations brought out in the "Salmon in the City" conference. Issues discussed focus on the impacts of urbanization on salmon in the Northwest landscape, including protection of wild salmon. Refer to the "Salmon in the City" conference proceedings (APW-002) for further information. Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): City, Conservation, Development, Urbanization Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 13 Document Number: APW-002 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): American Public Works Association, Washington Chapter. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Abstracts, salmon in the city, May 20-21, 1998. Source: Abstracts from the "Salmon in the City" conference, May 20-21, 1998, Mount Vernon, Washington, American Public Works Association, Washington Chapter. Review: This is a collection of some of the abstracts presented at the Salmon in the City conference in Mount Vernon on May 20-21, 1998. The theme of this conference was the impact of urbanization on salmon habitat; individual topics of presentation vary on this theme. The causes and extent of the damage of urbanization on fish habitat in small lowland streams in the Puget Sound basin and British Columbia are described. Included are papers on: anadromous salmonids and their habitat in the Puget Sound basin; trends in growth management; needs of salmon in the city; riparian vegetation effectiveness; restoring life in running waters; Lake Washington fisheries impact and opportunities; watershed urbanization and the decline of salmon in Puget Sound streams; are wild salmon runs sustainable in rehabilitated urban streams; traditional detention methods; results from forest hydrology studies; beyond innovative development; and legal and institutional changes to allow low impact development. Included is an article by D. Booth outlining limiting factors to sustainable salmon runs in urban areas. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids, Water Quality, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): City, Conservation, Development, Urbanization, Watershed Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 14 Document Number: APW-003 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): American Public Works Association. Year of Publication: 1992 Title: Salmon in the City: Effects of urbanization on fish habitat. Source: Symposium proceedings March 11-13, 1992, Eatonville, Washington, sponsored by American Public Works Association, Chicago, Illinois. Review: This document includes abstracts and proceedings from eight sessions, which are titled: Session 1: Fish and their habitat needs Session 2: Physical and water quality impacts of urbanization Session 3: Physical and water quality impacts of urbanization cont. Session 4: Case studies Session 5: Predictive tools - algorithms and thresholds Session 6: Monitoring/Adaptive management Session 7: How to mitigate/ How much bang for your BMP? Session 8: Panel discussion and summary. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Urbanization Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 15 Document Number: ARK-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Mary R. Arkoosh, Edmundo Casillas, Ethan Clemons, Bruce McCain, and Usha Varanasi Year of Publication: 1991 Title: Suppression of immunological memory in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from an urban estuary Source: Fish and Shellfish Immunology 1:261-277. Authors Abstract: In this present study, juvenile chinook salmon were collected from a contaminated urban estuary, the Duwamish Waterway, as well as from a non-urban estuary, the Nisqually River estuary, to determine if exposure to toxic chemicals affects immunocompetency. Juvenile chinook salmon were also sampled from the two hatcheries that release salmon into these estuaries. The ability of anterior kidney (AK) and splenic (SP) leucocytes from primed and unprimed juvenile salmon from the Duwamish Waterway, Nisqually River estuary, and their respective hatcheries to produce a primary and secondary in vitro plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to the hapten, trinitrophenyl (TNP) was examined. Trinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet haemocyanin (TNP-KLH) was added in vitro to AK leucocytes or as TNP-lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS) to both AK and SP leucocytes. The primary AK and SP plaque-forming cell response to TNP in salmon from the estuaries or hatcheries was not significantly different. Primed AK leucocytes from salmon collected from the hatcheries and the non-urban estuary were able to produce a heightened secondary response to TNP-KLH; in contrast, primed AK leucocytes from salmon collected from the urban estuary were unable to produce a secondary PFC response to TNP-KLH. Anterior kidney leucocytes from salmon collected from all four areas were able to produce a heightened secondary PFC response to TNP-LPS. However, the AK's plaque-forming cell response generated in primed chinook salmon collected from the urban estuary to TNP-LPS was significantly lower than that produced in salmon from the hatchery. This suppressed PFC response in primed AK cells to TNP-LPS was not observed in primed AK leucocytes from salmon collected from the non-urban estuary and its hatchery. These results suggest that the cells involved in generating immunological memory to TNP-KLH and TNP-LPS were affected in salmon exposed to contaminants in the urban estuary, with cells which generate memory to TNP-KLH being more affected. The PFC responses of primed SP leucocytes from salmon collected from the Duwamish Waterway and Nisqually River estuaries, stimulated in vitro with TNP-LPS were not signifi- cantly different. The consequence of suppressed immunological memory in disease resistance of juvenile salmon is currently unknown. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Hatcheries, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook, Disease, Estuary, Genetics, Pollution, Toxicity Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Duwamish Waterway, Nisqually River WR2 Resource Consultants, Inc. 16 17 Document Number: ARK-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Mary Arkoosh, Ed Casillas, Paul Huffman, Ethan Clemons, Joy Evered, John E. Stein, Usha Varanasi Year of Publication: 1998 Title: . Increased Susceptibility of Juvenile Chinook Salmon from a Contaminated Estuary to Vibrio anguillarum Source: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 127: 360-374. Authors Abstract: Previous studies have shown that juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from a contaminated estuary of Puget Sound, Washington, are immunosuppressed. Immunosup- pressed fish may be more susceptible to disease and ultimately experience an increase in mortality. To evaluate this possibility, differences in susceptibility to a marine pathogen in outmigrating juvenile chinook salmon from an urban estuary and a nonurban estuary in Puget Sound were assessed. Juvenile chinook salmon were sampled from hatcheries before their release and subsequently from their respective estuaries as the population outmigrated from freshwater to the saltwater environment during the springs of 1993 and 1994. The study was repeated during a 3-month period to assess the duration of the effect after the fish were removed from the source of contaminants and was replicated during a 2-year period to examine interannual variation. Bile, liver, and stomach contents were collected from fish after capture to determine exposure to organic chemical pollutants. Examination of these tissues demonstrated that juvenile salmon from the urban estuary were exposed to higher concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls than juveniles from the nonurban estuary or hatcheries. Juvenile salmon were challenged with serial doses of a marine pathogen. Vibrio anguillarum (serotype 1575), and mortality was measured daily for 7 d. In both years, salmon from the urban estuary challenged with V. anguillarum exhibited a higher cumulative mortality after exposure to the pathogen than salmon from the hatcheries or the nonurban estuary. Our results together with our previous findings support the hypothesis that contaminant-associated immunodysfunction in juvenile chinook salmon may lead to increased susceptibility to infection by a virulent marine bacterium. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook, Disease, Estuary, Genetics, Marine, Mortality, Pollution, Toxicity Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Nisqually Estuary, Duwamish Waterway WRIA: 09, 11 18 Document Number: ARM-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Bisson, P. A., J. L. Nielsen, R. A. Palmason, and L. E. Grove. Year of Publication: 1982 Title: A system of naming habitat types in small streams, with examples of habitat utilization by salmonids during low streamflow. Source: Pages 62-73 in: N. B. Armantrout (ed.), Acquisition and utilization of aquatic habitat inventory information. Proceedings of a symposium held 28-30 October, 1981, Western Division, American Fisheries Society, Portland, Oregon. Partial Abstract: Fish habitat in small streams is classified into a number of types according to location within the channel, pattern of water flow, and nature of flow controlling structures. Riffles are divided into three habitat types: low gradient riffles, rapids, and cascades. Pools are divided into six types: secondary channel pools, backwater pools, trench pools, plunge pools, lateral scour pools, and dammed pools. Glides, the last habitat type, are intermediate in many characteristics between riffles and pools. Habitat utilized by salmonids was studied during summer low streamflow conditions in four western Washington streams. Most age 0+ coho salmon reared in pools, particularly backwaters, and preferred cover provided by rootwads. A few large coho occupied riffles and sought the cover of overhanging terrestrial vegetation and undercut banks. Age 0+ steelhead trout selected riffles with large wood debris, while age 1+ steelhead preferred plunge, trench, and lateral scour pools with wood debris and undercut banks. The largest individuals of both steelhead age classes were found in swiftly flowing riffle habitats. Age 0+ cutthroat trout preferred low gradient riffles but switched to glides and plunge pools when steelhead and coho were present, thus suggesting that they had been competitively displaced from a preferred habitat. Age 1+ and 2+ cutthroat preferred backwater pools when coho were absent but avoided them when coho were present. Cutthroat of all age classes generally favored cover provided by wood debris in both pool and riffle habitat. Review: This classification system has been widely used in stream surveys throughout the Pacific Northwest. The paper provides clear definitions and drawings of each habitat type. The fish surveys were conducted by isolating individual habitat types with block nets and electrofishing. Sculpins were also captured during this study but these results are not included. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Non-Salmonids, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Coho, Competition, Cutthroat, Distribution, Geomorphology, Instream, LWD, Methods, Monitoring, Non-Salmonid Fish, Steelhead Geographic Area: Western Washington Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 19 Document Number: ARM-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Armour, C. L., K. P. Burnham, and W. S. Platts. Year of Publication: 1983 Title: Field methods and statistical analyses for monitoring small salmonid streams. Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. This is a comprehensive technical text on evaluating the effect of management on fish and fisheries habitat. It's specific to small western salmonid streams. While its authors intended it for use with grazing and timber impacts and management, the basic methods are valid for use in urban and urbanizing environments. The text includes the following: Chapter 1) Introduction; Chapter 2) Land use impacts and variables to measure: chapter includes adverse impacts of land uses and selection of variables to measure; Chapter 3) Measurement techniques: chapter includes key habitat variables, key fish variables, and secondary variables; Chapter 4) Basic statistical and study design concepts: chapter includes basic terms, descriptive features, frequency distributions, statistical testing, parametric and nonparametric tests, study design, and confounding factors; and Chapter 5) Statistical tests for evaluating response in management activities: chapter includes determination of the data distribution pattern, test for homogeneity of variance, and statistical tests for comparing differences between data sets. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Agricultural, Forestry, Methods, Monitoring Geographic Area: Western U. S. Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 20 Document Number: ARM-003 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Armstrong, J. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Marine monitoring programs in the border areas of Washington and British Columbia. Source: Report prepared for Puget Sound/Georgia Basin International Task Force and British Columbia/Washington Cooperation Council. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This document reports on monitoring programs that gather environmental information with repeated sampling over time, normally at the same location. Monitoring programs described in this report include national, state, provincial and local government, university and other nonprofit organization's programs, discharge monitoring, aquaculture monitoring, and other miscellaneous monitoring. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Marine, Monitoring Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 21 Document Number: AUL-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Von Aulock, S. and P. D. Rhay. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Creek water quality restoration program. Source: Prepared by Seattle Public Utilities, City of Seattle, Washington. 5 p. Partial Abstract: As part of its environmental commitment, Seattle Public Utilities (SPU) is currently working on a creek restoration program funded by Washington State Dept. of Ecology's Centennial Clean Water Fund. The overall goal of this program is to improve water quality through minimizing the impact of urbanization on Seattle's creeks. The restoration program has three phases: 1) Creek Identification and Documentation; 2) Physical and Habitat Assessments; and 3) Creek Restoration Plan Development and Implementation. Analysis of these data and establishing prioritized project plans would come in the final phase as an overall urban creek restoration plan is developed. Implementation of creek restoration projects could include: in-stream rehabilitation, bank and bed stabilization, revegetation of riparian corridors, water quality controls, and community education and involvement. Review: This short paper (5 pages) outlines the stream restoration program developed by Seattle Public Utilities. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Restoratin Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Development, Urbanization, Wetland Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 23 Document Number: BAI-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Bain, M. B., J. T. Finn, and H. E. Booke. Year of Publication: 1985 Title: Quantifying stream substrate for habitat analysis studies. Source: North American Journal of Fisheries Management 5:499-500. Review: A 2-m, lead-core rope divided into 10-cm sections alternately painted orange and white is used to assess substrate conditions. The rope is stretched across the stream substrate and the dominant substrate by category under each 10-cm segment is recorded to obtain 20 coded observations. A mean (index of coarseness) and standard deviation (index of heterogeneity) is computed. This method avoids the problems associated with the percentage composition method. This offers a method more rigorous than the percent composition method but less rigorous than the Wolman pebble count method. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Freshwater, Gravel, Instream, Methods, Monitoring, Sediment Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 24 Document Number: BAI-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Bain, M. B., T. C. Hughes, and K. K. Arend. Year of Publication: 1999 Title: Trends in methods for assessing freshwater habitats. Source: Fisheries 24(4):16-21. Authors Abstract: Habitat assessment is an important form of management for species conservation, mitigation planning, environmental regulation, and impact assessment. As part of an American Fisheries Society and US Fish and Wildlife Service project, we surveyed state, provincial, federal, and private organizations to obtain documentation about methods being used to assess aquatic habitats in the inland waters of North America. We then used this information to characterize attributes of established methods. We found that most methods target habitats associated with flowing waters, but a significant number of methods deal exclusively with lakes and reservoirs. The survey showed that the dominant purpose for having an established method was to standardize measurements and data collection techniques. Methods for stream habitats included a wide array of measurements emphasizing channel structure, water movement, substrate, cover, and riparian zones. The lentic habitat analyses were primarily numerical summaries and calculations of descriptive statistics usually presented using databases. Assessment methods focused on aquatic environmental quality - more so than fishery resource evaluations - although methods associated with fishery investigations remain prominent. The overall characteristics of currently used methods suggest that many or most agencies are actively advancing their practices, and rapid change can be expected in most methods. Review: This journal article provides an overview of different types of habitat assessment methods used throughout the country. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Methods Geographic Area: North America Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 25 Document Number: BAI-003 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Bailey, G. C. Year of Publication: 1981 Title: Environmental considerations in gravel rehabilitation operations. Source: Proceedings from the conference, Salmon-spawning gravel: a renewable resource in the Pacific Northwest?, State of Washington Water Research Center, Washington State University, and the University of Washington, Report No. 39, Pullman, Washington. Review: This paper discusses general environmental impacts of mechanically removing sediments from salmon spawning gravels. This document assumes that gravel cleaning will become a common fisheries management technique. Issues of concern are direct effects on fish, food chain distribution, turbidity effects, and the resuspension of toxic materials. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Gravel Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 26 Document Number: BAI-004 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Bailey, A., E. Lanzer, and T.F. Mumford. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Field survey and classification of Puget Sound nearshore habitat. Source: Proceedings from 1995 Puget Sound Research. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This paper discusses the methods and results of the first large scale application of Dethier's classification to field surveys conducted for the Department of Natural Resource's Nearshore Habitat Inventory. Data collected included: vegetation, species, and abundance, macro-invertebrate species, substrate type, beach slope, and tidal zone. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary, Marine, Shoreline Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 27 Document Number: BAI-005 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Howard C. Bailey, Linda Deanovic, Emilie Reyes, Tom Kimball, Karen Larson, Kristi Cortright, Valerie Conner, David E. Hinton Year of Publication: 2000 Title: Diazinon and chlorpyrifos in urban waterways in northern California, USA Source: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19(1): 82-87. Authors Abstract: Samples collected from urban streams in the cities of Sacramento and Stockton, California, USA, during the precipitation season were analyzed for diazinon and chlorpyrifos. Concentrations were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays specific for each pesticide. Two hundred thirty-one samples from the two cities were analyzed for diazinon: 85% exceeded California Department of Fish and Game water-quality criteria for this pesticide. Chlorpyrifos was measured in 90 of the samples collected from Sacramento and Stockton: 80% exceeded the California Department of Fish and Game criterion for this pesticide. Thirty-six of 47 samples (76.6%) tested for toxicity produced total mortality within 72 h with Ceriodaphnia dubia. Toxicity identification evaluations on selected samples confirmed that toxicity was primarily due to one or both of these pesticides. Uses of diazinon and chlorpyrifos in urban areas include dormant sprays on fruit trees, professional landscape and maintenance uses, and structural pest control. Pesticide concentrations were lower in a catchment favoring commercial and industrial activities compared with a catchment receiving largely residential inputs. Aerial drift from agricultural applications may play a role in storm-water concentrations. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Pollution, Stormwater, Toxicity, Urbanization Geographic Area: Northern California Water Body Name: American River, Sacramento River, San Joaquin River WRIA: 28 Document Number: BAR-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Barbour, M.T., J. L. Plafkin, B. P. Bradley, C. G. Graves, and R. W. Wisseman. Year of Publication: 1992 Title: Evaluation of EPA's rapid bioassessment benthic metrics: metric redundancy and variability among reference stream sites. Source: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 11:437-449. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. The review in this journal article is summarized in the 1996 revision to the Environmental Protection Agency's RBP and assessment methods (see document EPA-006 in this database). Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Regulations, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Invertebrates Geographic Area: United States Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 29 Document Number: BAR-002 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: Yes Author(s): Michael T. Barbour, Jeroen Gerritsen, Blaine D. Snyder, James B. Stribling Year of Publication: 1999 Title: Rapid Bioassessment protocols for use in Streams and wadable rivers: periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. (2nd Ed.) Source: EPA 841-B-99-002 Authors Abstract: In December 1986, U.S. EPA's Assistant Administrator for Water initiated a major study of the Agency's surface water monitoring activities. The resulting report, entitled "Surface Water Monitoring: A Framework for Change" (U.S. EPA 1987), emphasizes the restructuring of existing monitoring programs to better address the Agency's current priorities, e.g., toxics, nonpoint source impacts, and documentation of "environmental results." The study also provides specific recommendations on effecting the necessary changes. Principal among these are: 1. To issue guidance on cost-effective approaches to problem identification and trend assessment. 2. To accelerate the development and application of promising biological monitoring techniques. In response to these recommendations, the Assessment and Watershed Protection Division developed the rapid bioassessment protocols (RBPs) designed to provide basic aquatic life data for water quality management purposes such as problem screening, site ranking, and trend monitoring, and produced a document in 1989 (Plafkin et al. 1989). Although none of the protocols were meant to provide the rigor of fully comprehensive studies, each was designed to supply pertinent, cost-effective information when applied in the appropriate context. As the technical guidance for biocriteria has been developed by EPA, states have found these protocols useful as a framework for their monitoring programs. This document was meant to have a self-corrective process as the science advances; the implementation by state water resource agencies hascontributed to refinement of the original RBPs for regional specificity. This revision reflects the advancement in bioassessment methods since 1989 and provides an updated compilation of the most cost-effective and scientifically valid approaches. Review: This document exists as a .pdf file at the Center for Urban Water Resources Management. The document provides valuable information regarding methods and protocols that can be used for quick assessments of stream habitat and biological conditions. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, Methods, Monitoring Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WR2 Resource Consultants, Inc. 30 31 Document Number: BAR-003 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: Yes Author(s): Michael T. Barbour, William F. Swietlik, Susan K. Jackson, David L. Courtemanch, Susan P. Davies, Chris O. Yoder Year of Publication: 2000 Title: Measuring the attainment of biological integrity in the USA: a critical element of ecological integrity. Source: Hydrobiologia 422: 453-464. Authors Abstract: The concept of ecological integrity has become a worldwide phenomenon and is firmly entrenched into the regulatory structure of environmental law in the United States of America (USA). The attainment of ecological integrity requires the attainment of its three elements: physical, chemical, and biological integrity. In the USA, measures of chemical integrity were implemented first into monitoring programs and were effective in reducing pollutant loadings to the nation's surface waters. Because biological communities integrate the effects of different stressors such as reduced oxygen, excess nutrients, toxic chemicals, increased temperature, excessive sediment loading, and habitat degradation, the advent of bioassessment in regulatory programs has provided a more comprehensive and effective monitoring and assessment strategy. Measures of biological integrity clearly have become a priority in the USA. The development of biological criteria (biocriteria) within regulatory programs to serve as thresholds by which to judge the attainment of designated aquatic life conditions of surface waters is a major focus of states and Indian tribes within the USA. The derivation of reference conditions for the nation's surface waters (i.e., streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands, estuaries, and marine waters) across different physiographic regions is a critical element in the design of biocriteria and is currently a primary initiative in the USA. Nearly all state water resource agencies have developed bioassessment approaches for streams; 1600 to 75000 km of streams require assessment in each state. Bioassessment development for other water body types is not as advanced to date. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has produced technical guidance for developing effective bioassessment programs; they include crucial elements such as defining objectives, classifying water bodies according to expected biological attributes, deriving the reference condition of the site classes, developing standardized protocols for sampling and data analysis, and implementing a quality assurance plan. Approaches to bioassessment in the USA follow a basic design of incorporating various attributes of the elements and processes of the aquatic community, which is either an aggregation into a multimetric index or a series of multivariate analyses using the attributes as input variables. The Clean Water Act of 1972 and its subsequent amendments mandate maintaining, restoring, and protecting the ecological integrity of surface waters. Through use of robust bioassessments and other measures of ecological integrity, the USA has developed a strategic plan to establish priorities to meet this goal. Review: This article is available as a photocopy or as a .pdf. The article provides a conceptual framework for selecting biological criteria and making bioassessments in the United States. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Indicators, Methods, Monitoring Geographic Area: 32 W WRIA: 33 Document Number: BAT-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Bates, K. Year of Publication: 1992 Title: Fishway design guidelines for Pacific salmon, working paper. Source: Washington Department of Fisheries, Olympia, Washington. 72 p. Review: This paper describes practical guidelines for the design of fish passage facilities for anadromous fish that are migrating upstream. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Culverts, Passage Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 34 Document Number: BAU-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Bauer, S. B. and S. C. Ralph. Year of Publication: 1999 Title: Aquatic habitat indicators and their application to water quality objectives within the Clean Water Act. Source: EPA-910-R-99-014, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Seattle, Washington. Review: This report references a large bibliography which is available on the internet at www.epa.gov/r10earth/. The report concludes that habitat variables may be best suited as diagnostic indicators of beneficial use support and as performance measures of nonpoint source controls, in contrast to their use as compliance indicators. To be useful in a water quality context, habitat variables need to be measured with a known degree of precision and accuracy. This report is a useful summary regarding the application of aquatic habitat indictors to Clean Water Act programs. The authors identified only a limited set of useful habitat variables that have been calibrated at the local or ecoregional scale, including large woody debris, pool frequency, and residual pool depth. The authors recommend an interagency and international effort to: 1) evaluate landscape classification of aquatic areas; 2) identify and measure reference area condition at ecoregional scales; and 3) develop a systematic approach for habitat indicator quantification. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Federal, Freshwater Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 35 Document Number: BAX-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Bax, N.J. Year of Publication: 1983 Title: Early marine mortality of marked juvenile chum salmon released into Hood Canal, Puget Sound, Washington in 1980. Source: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40(4). Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This paper discusses the results of a study on the average daily loss from a group of fluroescently marked, hatchery-reared juvenile chum salmon remaining in the nearshore zone following their release from the hatchery. The loss was estimated at 38-49 percent. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Life History, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Chum, Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Hood Canal WRIA: 99 36 Document Number: BEA-004 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Beauchamp, D., Shepard, and G. Pauley. Year of Publication: 1983 Title: Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates - chinook salmon. Source: Report prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, Seattle, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This report is one of a series of species profiles designed to provide coastal managers, engineers and biologists with a brief comprehensive sketch of the biological characteristics and environmental requirements of the species and to describe how populations of the species may be expected to react to environmental changes caused by coastal development. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 37 Document Number: BEC-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): R. W. Beck and Associates. Year of Publication: 1992 Title: Covington master drainage plan. Source: Final report prepared for the King County Department of Public Works, Surface Water Management Division, Seattle, Washington. Partial Abstract: The Master Drainage Plan is a major supplemental planning element to the Soos Creek Basin Plan, a comprehensive watershed management plan to protect stream, fish, and wetlands resources, and to prevent flooding and water quality degradation. Review: This brief report describes environmental recommendations associated with the 1,237 acre Covington Master Drainage Plan. Some hydraulic data are included. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Development Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Soos Creek WRIA: 09 38 Document Number: BEE-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Beechie, T., E. Beamer, and L. Wasserman. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Estimating coho salmon rearing habitat and smolt production losses in a large river basin, and implication for habitat restoration. Source: North American Journal of Fisheries Management 14:797-811. Partial Abstract: To develop a habitat restoration strategy for the 8,270-km2 Skagit River basin, we estimated changes in smolt production of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, since European settlement began in the basin, based on changes in summer and winter rearing habitat areas. The largest proportion of summer non-main-stem habitat losses has occurred in side-channel sloughs (41%), followed by small tributaries (31%) and distributary sloughs (29%). The largest loss of winter habitats has occurred in side channel sloughs (52%), followed by losses in distributary slough (37%), and small tributaries (11%). By type of impact, hydromodification (diking, ditching, dredging) associated with agricultural and urban lands accounts for 73% of summer habitat losses and 91% of winter habitat losses. Blocking culverts on small tributaries account for 13% of the decrease in summer habitat and 6% of the decrease in winter habitat. Forestry activities account for 9% of summer habitat losses and 3% of winter habitat losses. Limitations of the analysis and implications for developing a habitat restoration strategy are discussed. Review: This paper represents a detailed analysis of basinwide losses of side-channel, distributary slough, and small stream rearing habitat for coho salmon. The authors' method of estimating historical and current levels of coho salmon smolt production provides a basis for prioritizing habitat protection and restoration efforts. In this way it provides a type of cost/benefit analysis for restoration efforts. Additionally this method can be used to estimate total basin production of coho salmon if all restoration measures were to be implemented. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Coho, Cost/Benefit, Culverts, Floodplain, Freshwater, Geomorphology, Instream, Methods, Passage, Population, Production, Rearing, Shoreline, Urbanization, Watershed Geographic Area: Skagit County Water Body Name: Skagit River WRIA: 03, 04 39 Document Number: BEE-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Beechie, T. J. and T. H. Sibley. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Relationships between channel characteristics, woody debris, and fish habitat in northwestern Washington streams. Source: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 126:217-229. Partial Abstract: Relationships between large woody debris (LWD) and pool area or pool spacing varied with channel slope and channel width for streams in second-growth forests in northwest Washington. Pool spacing decreased as the number of LWD increased in both moderate-slope and low-slope channels, but the relationship was stronger in moderate-slope channels. Percent pool was also more strongly correlated with woody debris volume in moderate-slope channels than in low-slope channels. Review: This study describes the interactive influences of channel slope, channel size, and the abundance of LWD on pool formation and sediment retention as indicated by the abundance of gravel-sized sediment in stream in second-growth forests of the North Cascades of Washington State. The paper discuses the probable effects of changes in LWD abundance or size of pools and spawning gravel in small streams. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Instream, LWD, Riparian Geographic Area: Northwestern Washington Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 40 Document Number: BEE-003 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Beechie, T. and S. Bolton. Year of Publication: 1999 Title: An approach to restoring salmonid habitat-forming processes in Pacific Northwest watersheds. Source: Fisheries 24(4):6-15. Authors Abstract: We present an approach to diagnosing salmonid habitat degradation and restoring habitat-forming processes that is focused on causes of habitat degradation rather than on effects of degradation. The approach is based on the understanding that salmonid stocks are adapted to local freshwater conditions and that their environments are naturally temporally dynamic. In this context, we define a goal of restoring the natural rates and magnitudes of habitat-forming processes, and we allow for locally defined restoration priorities. The goal requires that historical reconstruction focus on diagnosing disruptions to processes rather than conditions. Historical reconstruction defines the suite of restoration tasks, which then may be prioritized based on local biological objectives. We illustrate the use of this approach for two habitat-forming processes: sediment supply and stream shading. We also briefly contrast this approach to several others that may be used as components of a restoration strategy. Review: The strategy discussed in this paper focuses analyses on causes of habitat degradation rather than on habitats or biota. A two-tiered approach is used, first diagnosing altered habitat-forming processes and then prioritizing restoration actions. Five steps are identified: 1) estimate natural rates of habitat-forming processes; 2) assess changes in rate of habitat-forming processes due to land use; 3) identify actions required to restore processes; 4) evaluate probable improvement; and 5) prioritize actions based on costs and potential improvements. This method aims to fill an information gap between in-stream diagnostics of habitat degradation and large-scale assessments of disturbance patterns on a landscape. This method may be more suitable for forest lands than for agricultural or urban areas because forest lands typically have fewer potential causes of degradation. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Forestry, Watershed Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 41 Document Number: BEE-004 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Timothy J. Beechie, Brian D. Collins, George R. Pess Year of Publication: 2001 Title: Halocene and Recent Geomorphic Processes, Land Use, and Salmonid Habitat in two North Puget Sound Basins. 2001. Geomorphic Processes and Riverine Habitat Source: Water Science and Application 4: 453-464. Authors Abstract: The quantity, quality, and distribution of salmonid habitats in the Skagit and Stillaguamish River basins have changed dramatically in response to post-glacial landscape evolution and volcanism over the last 16,000 years, and the more recent history of land use (approximately 150 years). After retreat of the Cordilleran ice sheet about 16,000 years ago, streams incised rapidly into valley-filling glacial sediments, lowering valley floors and creating terraces. Mainstems and floodplain sloughs on valley floors provided the majority of habitat, but moderate-gradient tributaries on terraces provided additional habitat for some salmonids. Channels in bedrock terrain were too steep to support anadromous salmonids and remain so today. Voluminous lahars from Glacier Peak approximately 5,500 years before present created an extensive low-gradient delta on the Skagit River, which then developed abundant habitats in wetlands and distributary channels. Since non-Native American settlers arrived in the mid-1800s, removal of beaver ponds, diking, ditching, and dredging of streams on the floodplains and deltas has isolated or obliterated approximately 50% of the coho salmon winter rearing habitat in both basins. These losses are associated mainly with agricultural practices, which occupy the same landforms as the majority of historical coho salmon habitat. Forestry activities are concentrated on the steeper slopes of the glacial sediments and bedrock. terrain, and contribute to habitat losses by increasing sediment supplies and reducing wood abundance. Understanding the interplay of Holocene landscape evolution, geomorphic processes, land use, and salmonid habitat provides a context for developing habitat restoration programs. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Floodplain, Forestry, Geomorphology, Riparian, Sediment Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Stillaguamish River, Skagit River WRIA: 03, 04, 05 42 Document Number: BEL-001 Document Type: Book Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Bell, M. C. Year of Publication: 1984 Title: Fisheries handbook of engineering requirements and biological criteria. Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, North Pacific Division, Contract No. DACW57-79-M1594, Portland, Oregon. Review: This handbook is for use by engineers and biologists employed in design problems on fish facilities and in the operation of existing facilities. Relevant chapters include habitat requirements, measurement and effect of silt and turbidity, artificial spawning channels, and channel changes in relation to fish habitat. More recent editions of this handbook are also available. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Disease, Sediment, Temperature, Toxicity Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 43 Document Number: BEN-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Benson, B., E. Gower, L. Cowan, G. Johnson, and J. Lenzi. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Thurston County barrier culvert inventory. Source: Washingt7 culverts of all sizes identified from the County Road Inventory System database (CRIS), 560 target culverts were located and plotted on a map over detailed stream and road layers, Additional crossings which did not meet the initial 24" criteria but did potentially involve fish-bearing streams were also identified. The available habitat assessed was limited by city boundaries. For tracking and mapping purposes, the exact position of each culvert was recorded using the global positioning system (GPS). The report does not provide specifics on criteria used to assess passibility. However, a method of determining if the barrier blocks significant habitat is provided and a useful priority index is described. Significant habitat was determined based on the amount of anadromous habitat downstream of the culvert, and potential habitat gains upstream of the barrier. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Regulations, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, County, Culverts, Distribution, Freshwater, Methods, Migration, Passage, Roads, State, Urbanization Geographic Area: Thurston County Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 44 Document Number: BEN-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): L. Benda, T. J. Beechie, R.C. Wissmar, A. Johnson Year of Publication: 1992 Title: Morphology and Evolution of Salmonid Habitats in a Recently Deglaciated River Basin, Washington State, USA Source: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49: 1246-1256. Authors Abstract: Morphology and distribution of salmonid habitats were related to the geomorphology of a river basin at three spatial scales including reach (102-11 CP m2), subbasin (2-26 km-"), and the watershed (240 km2). Stream reaches on a young fluvial terrace (1700 yr old) adjacent to the main river contain the most extensive areas of rearing and spawning habitats. In tributary subbasins, the area of spawning habitat varies according to discharge rates and channel gradients. The most extensive salmonid habitats are located along wide glacial deposits in geologically unconstrained areas of the main valley floor. During the early Holocene (~10 000 - 12 000 years before present (B.p.)), the recently deglaciated watershed of the South Fork Stillaguamish River was extremely erosive and vegetated by alpine forest. Fish habitats then were less suitable for salmonid rearing and spawning. A much lower erosion rate after 8000 yr B.P., and the advent of old growth conifer forests after 6000 yr B.P., indicates that stream habitats attained their present-day morphology between 8000 and 6000 yr ago. Although habitats increased in quality with increasing watershed stability and evolution of forests, they decreased in quantity after 7000 yr B.P. as landforms changed because of continuous river incision into glacial deposits. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Salmonids, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Coho, Geomorphology, Gravel, Sediment Geographic Area: Cascades Water Body Name: Stillaguamish River WRIA: 05 45 Document Number: BEV-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Bevenger, G. S. and R. M. King. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: A pebble count procedure for assessing watershed cumulative effects. Source: Research Paper RM-RP-319. Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 17 p. Authors Abstract: Land management activities can result in the delivery of fine sediment to streams. Over time, such delivery can lead to cumulative impacts to the aquatic ecosystem. Because numerous laws require Federal land managers to analyze watershed cumulative effects, field personnel need simple monitoring procedures that can be used directly and consistently. One approach to such monitoring is described. The approach involves sampling a longitudinal reach of stream channel several hundred feet long using a zigzag pebble count procedure that crosses all habitat features within a stream channel. The approach accommodates reference (nonimpacted) and study (impacted) reaches so that impacts comparisons can be made. Case studies show how the procedure is applied. Review: This report describes a commonly used technique for assessing stream substrate composition. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Gravel, Instream, Methods, Sediment, Watershed Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 46 Document Number: BIL-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Robert E. Bilby, Brian R. Fransen, Peter A. Bissonq Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Incorporation of Nitrogen and Carbon from Spawning Coho Salmon into the Trophic System of Small Streams: Evidence from Stable Isotopes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53: 164-173 Source: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53: 164-173. Authors Abstract: Epilithic organic matter, all aquatic macroinvertebrates except shredders, and fish were significantly enriched with 'SN and 13C in streams (western Washington state, U.S.A.) where spawning coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were present. Riparian vegetation adjacent to salmon-bearing streams and shredding macroinvertebrates were enriched with "N but not 13C The highest levels of enrichment of the stream biota with the heavier isotopes occurred in the early spring, shortly after carcasses had decomposed. Following spawning, age-O coho salmon exhibited a doubling in rate of growth. Age-0 cutthroat trout in a nearby stream without salmon exhibited no change in growth rate during the winter. Salmon-derived organic matter was incorporated into the stream biota through direct consumption of eggs, carcasses, and fry and by sorption onto the streambed substrate of dissolved organic matter released by decomposing carcasses. Autotrophic uptake was not an important avenue of incorporation. The proportion of nitrogen contributed by spawning salmon varied among trophic categories, ranging from about 17% in collector-gatherers to more than 30% in juvenile coho salmon. Carbon contributed by spawning salmon ranged from 0% in the foliage of riparian plants and shredders to 34% in juvenile coho salmon. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Coho, Nutrients, Production, Reproduction Geographic Area: Western Washington Water Body Name: Snoqualmie River WRIA: 07 47 Document Number: BIL-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Robert E. Bilby, Brian R. Fransen, Jason K. Walter, C. Jeff Cederholm, Warren J. Scarlett Year of Publication: 2001 Title: Preliminary evaluation of the use of nitrogen stable isotope ratios to establish escapement levels for pacific salmon Source: Fisheries Research 26(1): 6-14. Authors Abstract: Research over the last decade has established the ecological significance of the nutrients and organic matter deposited by Pacific salmon in the freshwater habitats where they spawn. A large proportion of the nitrogen in plants and animals in streams where salmon are abundant may be derived from spawning fish, and juvenile salmonids exhibit higher growth rates at locations where carcasses are available. Currently, no method is available to establish salmon escapement goals that meet the nutritional needs of streams. We examined the relationship between the abundance of spawning coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and the nitrogen stable isotope ratio of coho salmon parr to determine whether a saturation level for salmon-derived nitrogen could be identified. Coho parr were collected from 26 sites in western Washington in late winter. The isotope ratio in the coho parr was related to the abundance of salmon spawning at that site the previous autumn. The amount of carcass-derived nitrogen increased with increasing abundance of carcass tissue up to 0.15 kg of carcass/ m2 of streambed area but exhibited no increase above this level. These 'preliminary data suggest that relationships between stable isotope values and carcass abundance may provide a useful supplement to traditional methods of establishing escapement goals for Pacific salmon. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Coho, Escapement, Methods, Nutrients Geographic Area: Western Washington Water Body Name: Chehalis, Deschutes, Hoko, Clallam, Skagit, Skykomish, Snoqualmie, Dickey, Bogachiel, Soleduck, Hoh, Willapa WRIA: 23, 13, 03, 04, 07, 22 48 Document Number: BIN-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Binns, N. A. Year of Publication: 1986 Title: Stabilizing eroding stream banks in Wyoming, a guide to controlling bank erosion in streams. Source: Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Cheyenne, Wyoming. 42 p. Partial Abstract: This guidebook summarizes some key principles of river mechanics and details bank stabilization methods used on Wyoming streams. Comprehensive coverage of the subject is beyond the scope of this report, but landowners should be able to accomplish effective bank stabilization work using the methods outlined in this guidebook. Review: Proper and improper methods of stabilizing eroding stream banks are discussed in this report. Case studies of bank stabilization activities resulting in changes in trout density are also reviewed. This report describes Wyoming streams, but the information contained could be useful for other areas. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Riparian Geographic Area: Wyoming Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 49 Document Number: BIN-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Binns, N. and F. M. Eiserman. Year of Publication: 1979 Title: Quantification of fluvial trout habitat in Wyoming. Source: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 108(3): 215-227. Authors Abstract: A Habitat Quality Index (HQI) was developed to predict trout standing crop in Wyoming streams. Measurements of trout habitat were collected from 36 streams that ranged in elevation from 1,146 to 3,042 m. Average late summer stream width varied from 1.4 to 44 m, while average daily flow was between 0.6 and 1.46 m3/second. Stream gradient ranged from 0.1% to 10%. A multiple regression analysis indicated those habitat measurements best related to trout standing crop in the study streams. Predictive models were built from these measurements. The best HQI model explained 96% of the variation in trout standing crop (multiple regression correlation coefficient R=0.983), suggesting a close relationship between HQI predictions and flows, annual stream flow variation, water velocity, trout cover, stream width, eroding stream banks, stream substrate, nitrate nitrogen concentrations, and maximum summer stream temperature. Review: A comprehensive review of this method is provided in Fausch et al. (1988) (see FAU-001 in this database). That review notes that interpretation of this model is difficult because each variable is rated from 0 (worst) to 4 (best) and some ratings are multiplied together to form an index, and because both dependent and independent variables (the ratings) are transformed to logarithms. Additionally one stream with a very large standing crop inflated the coefficient of determination. Nonetheless, the method has many useful components and is commonly used by fisheries biologists. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Salmonids, Water Quality, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Cutthroat, Freshwater, Indicators, Methods, Nutrients, Other Salmonids, Population Geographic Area: Wyoming Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 50 Document Number: BIS-001 Document Type: Book Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Bisson, P. A. and D. R. Montgomery. Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Valley segments, stream reaches, and channel units. Source: Pages 23-52 in: F. R. Hauer and G. Lamberti (eds.), Methods in stream ecology, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA. Review: This textbook chapter describes the reasons for classifying and measuring valley segments, stream reaches, and channel geomorphic units and provides a summary of classification methods. This provides a good general overview of channel classification systems and a method for identifying reaches. The goal of the chapter is to provide a classification system, and quantitative assessment procedure that permit accurate and repeatable descriptions about biophysical processes responsible for the development of current geomorphic watershed conditions. Classification systems for valley segments, stream reaches and channel units are provided. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Floodplain, Freshwater, Geomorphology, Instream, Methods, Riparian, Watershed Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 51 Document Number: BLA-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Black, P. E. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Watershed functions. Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33(1):1-11. Partial Abstract: Watershed functions that dominate the hydrologic environment are identified and discussed. Hydrological and ecological functions are considered in relation to the storm and annual hydrographs, and to water quality. Two integrative watershed responses to these functions are also presented. Review: The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for understanding and managing the growing move to "restore watersheds". A brief synthesis of previous work on the analysis of watershed processes is provided, as is the author's more detailed description of how a watershed operates. The paper focuses primarily on hydrology. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Geomorphology, Watershed Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 52 Document Number: BLE-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Bledsoe, L.J., D.A. Somerton, and C.M. Lynde. Year of Publication: 1989 Title: The Puget Sound runs of salmon: an examination of the changes in run size since 1896. Source: University of Washington, School of Fisheries, Seattle, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This reports concludes that the 1896 and 1975 wild runs of chinook and coho salmon in Puget Sound were substantially different. Primary Keyword(s): Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Chinook, Coho Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 53 Document Number: BLE-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Brian P. Bledsoe, Chester C. Watson Year of Publication: 2001 Title: Effects of Urbanization on Channel Stability Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37(2): 255-270 Authors Abstract: Channel instability and aquatic ecosystem degradation have been linked to watershed imperviousness in humid regions of the U.S. In an effort to provide a more process-based linkage between observed thresholds of aquatic ecosystem degradation and urbanization, standard single event approaches (U.S. Geological Survey Flood Regression Equations and rational) and continuous hydrologic models (HSPF and CASC2D) were used to examine potential changes in flow regime associated with varying levels of watershed imperviousness. The predicted changes in flow parameters were then interpreted in concert with risk-based mod- els of channel form and instability. Although low levels of imperviousness (10 to 20 percent) clearly have the potential to destabilize streams, changes in discharge, and thus stream power, associated with increased impervious area are highly variable and dependent upon watershed-specific conditions. In addition to the storage characteristics of the pre-development watershed, the magnitude of change is sensitive to the connectivity and conveyance of impervious areas as well as the specific characteristics of the receiving channels. Different stream types are likely to exhibit varying degrees and types of instability, depending on entrenchment, relative credibility of bed and banks, riparian condition, mode of sediment transport (bedload versus suspended load), and proximity to geomorphic thresholds. Nonetheless, simple risk-based analyses of the potential impacts of land use change on aquatic ecosystems have the potential to redirect and improve the effectiveness of watershed management strategies by facilitating the identification of channels that may be most sensitive to changes in stream power. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Land Use, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Development, Geomorphology, Impervious, Instream Flow, Sediment, Urbanization Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 54 Document Number: BLE-003 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Brian P. Bledsoe, Chester C. Watson Year of Publication: 2001 Title: Logistic Analysis of channel pattern thresholds: meandering, braiding and incising Source: Geomorphology 38(3-4): 281-300 Authors Abstract: A large and geographically diverse data set consisting of meandering, braiding, incising, and post-incision equilibrium streams was used in conjunction with logistic regression analysis to develop a probabilistic approach to predicting thresholds (it channel pattern and instability. An energy-based index was developed for estimating the risk of channel instability associated with specific stream power relative to sedimentary characteristics. The strong significance of the 74 statistical models examined suggests that logistic regression analysis is an appropriate and effective technique for associating basic hydraulic data with various channel forms. The probabilistic diagrams resulting from these analyses depict a more realistic assessment of the uncertainty associated with previously identified thresholds of channel form and instability and provide a means of gauging channel sensitivity to changes in controlling variables. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Geomorphology, Gravel, Instream Flow, Methods, Roads Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 55 Document Number: BON-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Bonar, S. A., M. Divens, and B. Bolding. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Methods for sampling the distribution and abundances of bull trout/Dolly Varden. Source: Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Report # RAD97-05, Olympia, Washington. 48 p. Review: The report compares methods for determining the distribution and abundance of bull trout and Dolly Varden. For detecting the presence of adult and juvenile bull trout/Dolly Varden, night snorkeling was the most effective technique followed by electrofishing and angling/foot surveys. The authors recommend first conducting informal surveys in preferred bull trout spawning or initial rearing habitat within a patch. They define "patch" as a stream reach or group of reaches separated from others by thermal or geographic barriers to their migration. If the species is not found, and if a specified degree of confidence is wanted for lower detection limits, a statistically rigorous survey is described. This document provides a standardized method for detecting bull trout presence and assessing populations in Washington State. In addition, it identifies other methods currently being used to monitor bull trout distribution and abundance, and it examines the precision and accuracy of these techniques. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Bull trout, Distribution, Freshwater, Instream, Methods, Monitoring, Population, Rearing, Reproduction Geographic Area: Washington State Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 56 Document Number: BOO-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Booth, D. B. Year of Publication: 1990 Title: Stream-channel incision following drainage-basin urbanization. Source: Water Resources Bulletin 26(3):407-417. Partial Abstract: Urbanization of a drainage basin results in pervasive hydrologic changes that in turn initiate long-term changes in stream channels. Increases in peak discharges and in durations of high flows result in either quasi-equilibrium channel expansion, where cross-section area increases in near-proportion to the discharge increase, or catastrophic channel incision, where changes occur far out of proportion to the discharge increases that initiated them. Field data and hydrologic modeling of rapidly urbanizing basins in King County, Washington define conditions of flow, topography, geology, and channel roughness that identify streams susceptible to incision. Review: This paper represents one of the earlier studies evaluating the effects of urbanization in King County on channel shape. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use Secondary Keyword(s): Impervious, Instream, Retention/Detention, Stormwater, Urbanization, Watershed Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Bear Creek, Soos Creek WRIA: 08, 09 57 Document Number: BOO-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Booth, D. B. and C. R. Jackson. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Urbanization of aquatic systems: degradation thresholds, stormwater detection, and the limits of mitigation. Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33(5):1077-1090. Partial Abstract: Urbanization degrades the form and function of aquatic systems, causing changes that can occur rapidly and are very difficult to avoid or correct. Physical data from lowland streams in western Washington displays the onset of readily observable aquatic-system degradation at a remarkably consistent level of development, typically about 10% effective impervious area in a watershed. Even lower levels of urban development cause significant degradation in sensitive water bodies, and a reduced, but less well quantified, level of function through the system as a whole. Established methods of mitigating the downstream impacts of urban development may have only limited effectiveness. Continuous hydrologic modeling is used to evaluate detention ponds designed by conventional event methodologies, and the results demonstrate serious deficiencies in performance compared to design goals. Even with the best mitigation, the magnitude of development activities falling below a level of regulatory concern suggests that increased resource loss will invariable accompany development of a watershed. Without a better understanding of the critical processes that lead to degradation, some downstream aquatic-system damage is probably inevitable without limiting the extent of watershed development itself. Changes in upland runoff processes, particularly from a predominantly subsurface to a predominantly surface flow regime, alter not only the magnitude of discharges but the delivery of sediment to the stream network. Review: This study links demonstrable, and probably irreversible degradation of channel form and function in watersheds with approximately 10% effective impervious area. The report also includes a discussion on the limits of regulations to control conversion of watersheds to impervious areas. Specifically, mitigation requirements typically do not apply to small developments, however the cumulative impacts can be quite large. Stormwater ponds needed to mitigate for build-out conditions would be "lakes" and are unlikely to be built except in the most unusual of economic and social climates. Without discussing salmon specifically, the paper focuses on impact threshold for watershed development and impacts to aquatic resources. This paper is a good reference regarding development and degradation of the aquatic environment in the Pacific Northwest. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Land Use, Restoration/Recovery, Regulations Secondary Keyword(s): BMP, Flood Control, Geomorphology, Impervious, Indicators, Instream, Instream Flow, Retention/Detention, Stormwater, Watershed Geographic Area: Western Washington Water Body Name: Bear Cr, East Lake Sammamish, Issaquah Cr, Soos Cr, Soosette Cr, Hylebos Cr WRIA: 08, 09, 10 58 Document Number: BOO-004 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Booth, D. B. and seven co-authors. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Eastern tributaries of the Lower Green River enhanced reconnaissance report. Source: King County Basin Planning Program, Surface Water Management Division, Department of Public Works, Seattle, Washington. Green River Watershed Management Program (94-1). November 1994. 57 p. Review: This report includes the results of a rapid but systematic inventory and analysis of conditions across the stream and drainage system, and it identifies the high-priority management needs for surface-water management. The study focuses on the eastern tributaries of the Lower Green River, a 5.8 square mile collection of relatively small streams that enter the Green River from the east between the cities of Auburn and Kent. The report is intended to provide basin-level planning for this area, and to provide a prototype for how such studies could be accomplished for similar watersheds in the future. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use Secondary Keyword(s): Watershed Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Green River WRIA: 09 59 Document Number: BOO-005 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Derek Booth, James Karr, Sally Schauman, Christopher Konrad, Sarah Morley, Marit Larson, Patricia Henshaw, Erin Nelson, Stephen Burges Year of Publication: 2001 Title: Urban Stream Rehabilitation in the Pacific Northwest: Final Report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, grant no. R82-5284-010 Source: EPA grant R82-5284-010 Authors Abstract: Our goal in this project has been to develop a robust approach to urban stream rehabilitation, using examples from the Puget Lowland region of western Washington, that blends knowledge from the physical, biological, and social sciences by: documenting the consequences of urban development on urban streams; understanding the causes of the resulting ecological degradation; and using that understanding to evaluate rehabilitation strategies and techniques. Although stream conditions are not unambiguously correlated with urbanization, the multiple effects of urban development on stream systems make rehabilitation progressively more difficult at progressively greater levels of development. Rehabilitation success is most likely in those watersheds with relatively low levels of development that display paradoxically poor biological and/or physical conditions. However, two critical elements in the urban environment are commonly omitted in the pursuit of successful stream rehabilitation: Hydrologic changes, which are often ignored in both new development and in postdevelopment stream "rehabilitation." Even where drainage regulations apply to new development, they do not achieve genuine mitigation of urban-induced increases in runoff, because the mitigation is focused on hydrologic measures with little or no biological significance. In contrast, annual and inter-annual flow patterns are closely related to in-channel disturbance frequency and biological health and are largely unaffected by traditional hydrologic mitigation. The actions of people, which affect stream health at multiple scales, particularly via the local stream conditions that are overwhelmingly determined by the behavior of streamside neighbors. Their effects are so influential because of their proximity and because they commonly abut most of the length of an urban channel network. A consequence of our findings is an overall strategy for pursuing effective rehabilitation: Recognize and preserve high-quality, low-development watershed areas. Aggressively (and completely) rehabilitate streams where recovery of ecosystem elements and processes is possible, likely only in low-development areas with relatively low to moderate levels of ecological health. Rehabilitate selected elements of mid-range urban watersheds, where complete recovery is not feasible but where well-selected efforts may yield direct improvement. In general, however, there is little evidence that in-stream projects can reverse even the local expressions of watershed degradation in urban channels. Improve the most degraded streams by first analyzing the acute cause(s) of degradation, but recognize that the restoration potential for populations of original instream biota is minimal. In the most highly developed watersheds, education and/or community outreach is not just appropriate but crucial. Review: A copy of this document is available through the Center for Urban Water Resources Management. 60 P h H and Use, Water Qu Secondary Keyword(s): Development, Geomorphology, Impervious, Instream Flow, LWD, Methods, Sediment, Stormwater, Temperature, Urbanization Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Puget Sound Streams WRIA: 61 Document Number: BOR-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Bortelson, G. C., M. J. Chrizastowski, and P. Hickey. Year of Publication: 1980 Title: Historical changes of shoreline and wetland at 11 major deltas in the Puget Sound region, Washington. Source:stuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 62 Document Number: BOV-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Bovee, K. Year of Publication: 1982 Title: A guide to stream habitat analysis using the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology. Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. The Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM) is a habitat-based tool used to evaluate the environmental consequences of various water and land use practices. IFIM and its computer software, Physical Habitat Simulation (PHABSIM), are designed to quantify changes in the amount of habitat available to different species and life stages of fish under various flow regimes. IFIM is generally thought of as a water resource management tool and is not an ecosystem model. The decision variable generated by the IFIM is total habitat area for fish or food organisms. Habitat, as computed by the IFIM, incorporates longitudinal changes in channel characteristics, streamflow, water quality and temperature. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Land Use, Water Quality, Water Quantity, Water Use Secondary Keyword(s): Cost/Benefit, Hydropower, Instream Flow, Methods, Temperature Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 63 Document Number: BOW-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Laura C. Bowling, Pascal Storck, Dennis P. Lettenmaier Year of Publication: 2000 Title: Hydrologic Effects of Logging in Western Washington, United States Source: Water Resources Research 36(11): 3223-3240. Authors Abstract: Possible changes in streamflow associated with logging were analyzed for 23 western Washington catchments with drainage areas from 14 to 1600 km2. Statistically significant trends in annual streamflow minima, uncorrected for climatic influences, are all decreasing and are apparently dominated by a regional climate signal associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, rather than land cover change. Using paired catchment analysis, the number of statistically significant trends detected for the peak flow series is largely within the range of statistical noise. Only in the case of the annual minima were more trends detected than could be attributed to chance, owing in part to the lower relative variability, hence greater detectability of trends in low flows. Investigation of the effect of return period on peak flow changes shows an apparent increase in flood peaks for treatment relative to control catchments, the mean magnitude of which decreases with increasing return interval up to about the 10-year return period. In large part, owing to the small number of catchment pairs available, this analysis cannot be considered conclusive. An alternative approach to evaluating trends in peak flows based on time series residuals of observed flows from hydrology model predictions detected increasing trends in peak flow series, which were largely absent in the paired catchment analysis. This is attributed both to the ability of the model, which acts as the control, to filter out natural variability and to a larger trend "signal" in the residuals analysis resulting from the ability of the method to fix the vegetation condition in the model control. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Flood Control, Forestry, Instream Flow, Stormwater Geographic Area: Western Washington Water Body Name: WRIA: 64 Document Number: BOZ-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Bozek, M. A. and F. J. Rahel. Year of Publication: 1991 Title: Assessing habitat requirements of young Colorado River cutthroat trout by use of macrohabitat and microhabitat analyses. Source: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120:571-581. Partial Abstract: We used both microhabitat and macrohabitat analyses to better assess habitat requirements of young Colorado River cutthroat trout. Microhabitat analyses revealed that among a range of stream types, young cutthroat trout consistently preferred slow water and depths over 3 cm. Macrohabitat analysis indicate that the density of young cutthroat trout was positively correlated with the abundance of spawning gravel and negatively correlated with stream depth. This relationship helped explain the absence of young cutthroat trout from some stream reaches that had suitable microhabitat but that lacked suitable spawning habitat. Review: A microhabitat analysis was used to determine where young Colorado River cutthroat trout would be located, based on preferences in stream reaches where they occurred. This analysis could be used to support the use of a more detailed approach in identifying habitat suitablities for salmon recovery efforts. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Distribution, Other Salmonids Geographic Area: Colorado Water Body Name: Colorado River WRIA: 99 65 Document Number: BRA-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Bradley, J. B. and P. J. Whiting. Year of Publication: 1992 Title: A process-based stream channel classification system for small streams in Washington. Source: Washington Department of Natural Resources Timber, Fish and Wildlife Project, TFW-SH11-91-001, Olympia, Washington. 70 p. Review: This report outlines a geomorphically process-based stream classification system for small forest streams, which takes into account the drainage's propensity for mass wasting and the channel's capacity for transporting material. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques Secondary Keyword(s): Geomorphology Geographic Area: Washington Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 66 Document Number: BRA-002 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Christian A. Braudrick, Gordon E. Grant Year of Publication: 2000 Title: When do logs move in rivers? Source: Water Resources Research 36(2):571-583 Authors Abstract: Large woody debris is an integral component of forested, fiuvial systems throughout the world, yet we know little about hydraulic thresholds for movement and transport of logs. We developed theoretical models of entrainment and performed flume experiments to examine thresholds for wood movement in streams. Both the model and the experiments indicate that log entrainment is primarily a function of the piece angle relative to flow direction, whether or not the log had a root wad, the density of the log, and the piece diameter. Stability increased if the pieces had root wads or were rotated parallel to flow. Although previously reported as the most important factor in piece stability, piece length did not significantly affect the threshold of movement in our experiments or our physically based model, for logs shorter than channel width. These physically based models offer a first-order approach to evaluating the stability of either naturally derived woody debris or material deliberately introduced to streams for various management objectives. Review: Although the article is not directly related to salmon recovery, by describing patterns of LWD movement in rivers it discusses a dynamic process related to habitat development and geomorphic function. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Instream Flow, LWD Geographic Area: Water Body Name: WRIA: 67 Document Number: BRO-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Brown and Caldwell Consulting Engineers. Year of Publication: 1986 Title: Draft update of Kitsap Basin water pollution control and abatement plan for Gig Harbor Peninsula Area. Source: Report prepared for Pierce County Utilities Department, Tacoma, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery, Regulations, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary, Pollution Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Gig Harbor WRIA: 15 68 Document Number: BRO-003 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Broadhurst, G. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Nearshore habitat regulatory perspective. Source: Report prepared for the Puget Sound/Georgia Basin International Task Force. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This report provides background on threats and impacts to nearshore habitat, and gives a regulatory analysis of existing regulations governing the nearshore. Regulations discussed in this report include the Clean Water Act, the Hydraulics Code, the Shoreline Management Act (SMA), the Growth Management Act (GMA), and the State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA). The document includes an overview of 1995 changes to SEPA, SMA, and GMA. Primary Keyword(s): Regulations Secondary Keyword(s): Federal, State Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 69 Document Number: BRU-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Christopher C. Brueske Year of Publication: 2000 Title: Technology Review: Ultra-Urban Stormwater Treatment Technologies Source: University of Washington Thesis Authors Abstract: The following document was compiled to provide a review of "ultra-urban" stormwater treatment technologies. "Ultra-urban" technologies are designed to remove pollutants from wet weather runoff in highly developed areas where land values are high and available space is limited. These technologies differ from traditional stormwater treatment methods (e.g., water quality ponds and grass swales) in that they are extremely compact and can be retrofitted into existing stormwater collection systems. The technologies included in this review were developed primarily to remove suspended solids from urban runoff. Several of the units also include design features to remove oils and other floatable contaminants. Generally speaking, these technologies remove metals, nutrients, and other contaminants only to the extent that these contaminants are adsorbed to suspended solids. A notable exception to this is certain filtration systems, which can be operated with an adsorptive media specific to dissolved metals, organics, and nutrients. Review: This M.S. thesis is available through the Center for Urban Water Resources Management Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): BMP, Impervious, Nutrients, Pollution, Stormwater, Urbanization Geographic Area: Western Washington Water Body Name: WRIA: 70 Document Number: BRY-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Bryant, M. D. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Pulsed monitoring for watershed and stream restoration. Source: Fisheries 20(11):6-13. Partial Abstract: A monitoring program that provides sufficient information to evaluate the effectiveness of these efforts (watershed and stream habitat restoration) will be expensive. A pulsed monitoring strategy that consists of a series of short-term (3-5 years), high-intensity studies separated by longer periods (10-15 years) of low-density data collection can provide an effective means of implementing a long-term monitoring program with a reasonable degree of success and cost. Review: The purpose of this paper is to provide a general long-term, cost-effective monitoring strategy to evaluate large-scale restoration projects on watersheds. The focus is on habitat restoration projects, but the strategy may be applied to other monitoring projects. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat, Restoration/Recovery Secondary Keyword(s): Instream, Monitoring, Watershed Geographic Area: Not applicable Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 71 Document Number: BUL-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Bulthuis, D. A. Year of Publication: 1995 Title: Environmental requirements for eelgrass in Puget Sound. Source: Proceedings from 1995 Puget Sound Research. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This paper concluded that the major habitat requirements for eelgrass are sand and mud substrate, a mean low low water mark to -22 feet, wave energy, a temperature of 5 to 27 degrees C, salinity of 10 to 32 parts per thousand, nutrients and light. It also discusses anthropogenic activities that change these conditions. Light was found to be the most crucial requirement. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 72 Document Number: BUR-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Burton, T. A. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Effects of basin-scale timber harvest on water yield and peak streamflow. Source: Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33(6):1187-1196. Partial Abstract: Streamflow changes resulting from clear-cut harvest of lodgepole pine on a 2,145 hectare drainage basin are evaluated by the paired watershed technique. Increases in streamflow occurred primarily during the period of May through August with little or no change in wintertime streamflows. Results suggest that clearcutting conifers in relatively large watersheds may produce significant increases in water yield and flooding. Implications of altered streamflow regimes are important for assessing the future ecological integrity of stream ecosystems subject to large-scale timber harvest and other disturbances that remove a substantial proportion of the forest cover. Review: The results of this study, and evapotranspiration studies in general (as summarized in this report), indicate that large scale losses of pine forest cover, as a result of natural and man-caused disturbances, will likely lead to significant increases in streamflow. Such increases could have serious and potential long-term consequences for stream habitats, and related effects on aquatic ecosystem function and stability. Primary Keyword(s): Harvest, Land Use, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Forestry, Groundwater, Watershed Geographic Area: Utah Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 73 Document Number: BUR-002 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Burton, T. and nine co-authors. Year of Publication: 1992 Title: Integrated riparian evaluation guide, intermountain region. Source: Technical Riparian Work Group, USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain region, Ogden, Utah. Partial Abstract: This guide provides an integrated approach for: A. Stratifying and classifying riparian areas according to their natural inherent characteristics, and their respective existing or conditions. B. Data collection. C. Evaluation of riparian areas. D. Future development and linkage of a riparian data base. E. Preparation of a written narrative to interpret the data and suggest management applications. F. Providing a process to prioritize or rank riparian areas based on management objectives. G. Strengthening the riparian management implications of the Forest Land Management Plan. Review: This guide provides 3 levels of evaluation of riparian systems. Level I is an office procedure that results in 3 products: 1) delineation of riparian sub-areas, 2) identification of management categories, and 3) a prioritized list of riparian areas for which more detailed information is required. Level II is a field procedure that identifies and maps the boundaries of basic units of land. Level III involves more specific, quantitative data collection, and allows for project planning and design. Objectives, procedures, analysis, and instructions for completion are provided for each level. This guide is not site specific, and can be used to evaluate any riparian area. It is written for use by the Forest Service, and encourages multi-disciplinary use. The purpose of this report is primarily to provide a method to prioritize and rank riparian habitats. Aspects of this method are useful for prioritizing recovery efforts in the Tri-County area. Primary Keyword(s): Assessment Techniques, Fish Habitat Secondary Keyword(s): Conservation, Forestry, Riparian Geographic Area: Utah Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 74 Document Number: BUR-003 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Burges, S. J. et al. Year of Publication: 1998 Title: Hydrologic effects of land-use change in a zero-order catchment. Source: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering. Authors Abstract: Hydrologic Modeling and relatively simple monitoring were used to estimate the hydrologic balance for two geographically close and, in the undisturbed state, hydrologically similar, zero-order basins: one undeveloped forest and the other suburban. Both catchments were east of Lake Sammamish. Continuous precipitation and streamflow were measured in each basin; the model was used to estimate time series of evapotranspiration and ground-water recharge over a 40-year period. The suburban catchment was denuded of forest cover, soil thickness was reduced, and 30% of the area was covered with impervious surfaces. The amount of annual precipitation that becomes runoff ranged from 12 to 30% in the forested catchment and 44 to 48% in the suburban catchment where runoff from pervious areas accounts for 40-60% of the annual total. The peak flow rate per unit area for an approximate 24 hour, 50 year rainfall was more than 10 times higher from the pervious area at the suburban site than at the forested site. These findings emphasize the need to consider surface flow from all sources in the catchment when considering mitigation measures. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. The findings of this study point out the higher rate of runoff from suburban pervious areas such as lawns and gardens relative to the forested condition. This has significant implications for calculating and sizing stormwater BMPs since traditional design methods do not account for the increased runoff from lawns and gardens, the increase in total volume of runoff or the decrease in evapotranspiration. Thus, traditional BMPs are only partially effective. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Land Use, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): BMP, Development, Groundwater, Impervious, Monitoring, Stormwater, Urbanization, Watershed Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: East Lake Sammamish WRIA: 08 75 Document Number: BUR-004 Document Type: Book Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Burns, R. Year of Publication: 1985 Title: Puget Sound books: the shape and form of Puget Sound Source: University of Washington Sea Grant Program, Seattle, Washington. Review: A copy of this book was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, this book was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. See KCO-001 in this database. This book contains background information on the physical properties of Puget Sound, the physical and chemical nature of its waters, and the interaction of these waters with the surrounding shorelines. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary, Marine Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Puget Sound WRIA: 99 76 Document Number: BUS-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Busby, P. J., T. C. Wainwright, G. J. Bryant, L. Lierheimer, R. S. Waples, F. W. Waknitz, and I. V. Lagomarsino. Year of Publication: 1996 Title: Status review of west coast steelhead from Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and California. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-27. 261 p. Partial Abstract: This report summarizes biological and environmental information considered by the Biological Review Team that conducted the west coast steelhead status review. Review: This document is an excellent source of information concerning steelhead stocks of the Pacific Northwest. Included is a discussion of life history, artificial propagation, stock determinations, and an assessment of possibility of extinction. It was written in response to the proposal to protect steelhead under the Endangered Species Act. The National Marine Fisheries Service has published similar documents for each of the Puget Sound salmonids proposed for or listed under the ESA. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Fish Life History, Harvest, Hatcheries, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Population, Production, Steelhead, Stocks Geographic Area: Pacific Northwest Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 77 Document Number: BUT-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): Butkus, S. Year of Publication: 1997 Title: 1998 Washington State water quality assessment. Section 305(b) Report. Source: Washington State Department of Ecology. Publication No. 97-13. Olympia, Washington. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): State Geographic Area: Washington State Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 78 Document Number: CAL-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Caldwell, J. E. Year of Publication: 1994 Title: Green River temperature investigation 1992. Source: Caldwell & Associates Environmental Consulting. Report prepared for the Muckleshoot Tribe, Fisheries Department, Auburn, Washington. 50 p. Review: Objectives of this study were to: 1) document summer and early fall water temperatures between RM 12 and RM 64.5 of the Green River; 2) describe the extent and duration of high summer temperatures (RM 12 - 41.5); and 3) investigate temperatures in deep pools and shallow stream margins in the river, (RM 35 to 41.5). This report also contains data collected by the Army Corps of Engineers and Tacoma Public Utilities. The report discusses temperature criteria for salmonids, and provides recommendations for further study or analysis. Primary Keyword(s): Fish Habitat, Salmonids, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Instream, Temperature Geographic Area: King County Water Body Name: Green River WRIA: 09, 10 79 Document Number: CAM-001 Document Type: Other Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): M Scanned: No Author(s): Jon William Cammermeyer Year of Publication: 2001 Title: The effects of Vegetation in Highway Drainage ditches on Flow Characteristics and Pollutant Removal Source: University of Washington Thesis Authors Abstract: In light of the renewed emphasis on preserving aquatic habitat in the central Puget Sound region, as well as promising findings from earlier studies, WSDOT has sought to investigate affordable, easy-to-maintain stormwater quality treatments for implementation throughout the State highway drainage system. This project was funded by WSDOT between July 1999 and November 2000 to evaluate current WSDOT operations within vegetated stormwater conveyance facilities. This thesis is based on the findings regarding the water quality impacts of maintenance practices within vegetated roadside ditches following routine ditch cleaning. Review: This M.S. Thesis is available through the Center for Urban Water Resources Management Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Quality, Water Quantity Secondary Keyword(s): Instream Flow, Nutrients, Pollution, Roads, Stormwater, Urbanization Geographic Area: Coastal Washington Water Body Name: WRIA: 80 Document Number: CAR-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): M Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Carlisle, D. and D. Sullivan. Year of Publication: 1990 Title: AGC water quality manual - waste disposal & erosion/sediment control methods. Source: AGC of Washington, Seattle, in association with Seattle Master Builders, financed by proceeds from the Washington State Centennial Clean Water Fund and administered by the Puget Sound Water Quality Authority. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Urbanization Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Not applicable WRIA: 99 81 Document Number: CBC-001 Document Type: Report Document Relevance (L,M,H): L Data Quality (L,M,H): L Scanned: No Author(s): Commencement Bay Cleanup Action Committee. Year of Publication: 1993 Title: A vision for Commencement Bay sustained economic and environmental health. Source: Adopted by the Commencement Bay Cleanup Action Committee, Commencement Bay, Washington. November 19, 1993. 35 p. Review: A copy of this document was not included in the Tri-County Urban Issues document library. However, the document was identified as a source of potentially relevant information that may be useful for the Tri-County ESA response. Primary Keyword(s): Land Use, Water Quality Secondary Keyword(s): Estuary Geographic Area: Puget Sound Water Body Name: Commencement Bay WRIA: 10 82 Document Number: CED-001 Document Type: Journal Document Relevance (L,M,H): H Data Quality (L,M,H): H Scanned: No Author(s): C.J. Cederholm, R.E. Bilby, P.A. Bisson, T.W. Bumstead, W. J. Scarlett, J. W. Ward Year of Publication: 1997 Title: Response of Juvenile Coho Salmon and Steelhead to Placement of Large Woody Debris in a Coastal Washington Stream Source: North American Journal of Fisheries Management 17: 947-963. Authors Abstract: Many fish habitats have been altered in Pacific Northwest streams and rivers over the past century by a variety of land use practices, including forestry, urbanization, agriculture, and channelization. There are research and management needs for evaluation of the effectiveness of rehabilitation projects intended to enhance stream fish habitat recovery. The response of populations of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and steelhead 0. mykiss to addition of large woody debris (LWD) was tested in North Fork Porter Creek (NFPC), a small coastal tributary of the Chehalis River, Washington. The NFPC was divided into three 500-m study sections; two sections were altered with two approaches (engineered and logger's choice) to adding LWD, and the third was kept as a reference site. Immediately after LWD addition, the abundance of LWD pieces was 7.9 times greater than the pretreatment level in the engineered site and 2.7 times greater in the logger's choice site; abundance was unchanged in the reference site. Subsequent winter storms brought additional LWD into all three study sites. In the years that followed, the amount of pool surface area increased significantly in both the engineered and logger's choice sites, while it decreased slightly in the reference site. After LWD addition, winter populations of juvenile coho salmon increased significantly in the engineered and logger's choice sites, while they remained the same in the reference site. There were no significant differences in the coho salmon populations during spring and autumn within the reference, engineered, or logger's choice sites. The coho salmon smolt yield from the engineered and logger's choice sites also increased significantly after LWD addition, while it decreased slightly in the reference site. After LWD addition, the reference site and the engineered site both exhibited increases in age-O steelhead populations; however, the population in the logger's choice site did not change. There was no difference in age-1 steelhead abundance among sites, or before and after enhancement during any season. Winter populations of juvenile coho salmon and age-O steelhead were related inversely to maximum and mean winter discharge. Review: Primary Keyword(s): Restoration/Recovery, Salmonids Secondary Keyword(s): Coho, LWD, Ste